LA SOLEDAD COMO FENÓMENO SOCIAL Y ESTRUCTURAL: UNA REFLEXIÓN CRÍTICA DESDE LA INTERSECCIONALIDAD
[LONELINESS AS A SOCIAL AND STRUCTURAL PHENOMENON: A CRITICAL REFLECTION FROM INTERSECTIONALITY]
Autoría: Fernández-Roses, Daniel (1) ; García-Aguña, Sonia (2) ; De Gea Grela, Pablo (3)
Datos profesionales del autor/a: (1) Trabajador social. Servicio estatal de ayuda a víctimas de LGTBIfobia e investigador predoctoral. Departamento de Trabajo Social y Servicios Sociales (Universidad Complutense de Madrid); (2) Trabajadora social. Investigadora y docente predoctoral. Departamento de Trabajo Social y Servicios Sociales (Universidad Complutense de Madrid); (3) Trabajador social. Investigador y docente predoctoral. Departamento de Trabajo Social y Servicios Sociales (Universidad Complutense de Madrid).
Correspondencia: Pablo de Gea Grela. Email: padegea@ucm.es
Publicado: 30/12/2024
Resumen
Este artículo aborda el concepto de soledad desde una perspectiva crítica, centrándose en la distinción entre soledad deseada y no deseada, y su relación con el aislamiento social. El objetivo es analizar el concepto desde una perspectiva interseccional feminista, con el fin de explorar cómo las estructuras sociales y de desigualdad influyen en la experiencia de la misma. Todo ello bajo la premisa de que la soledad, más allá de ser un fenómeno individual subjetivo, es el resultado de factores sociales complejos que han de atenderse.
Descarga del artículo:
Palabras Clave
Soledad, soledad estructural, aislamiento social, interseccionalidad, feminismo.
Abstract
This article addresses the concept of loneliness from a critical perspective, focusing on the distinction between desired and undesired loneliness, and its relationship with social isolation. The aim is to analyse the concept through an intersectional feminist perspective, in order to explore how social structures and inequalities influence the experience of loneliness. All of this is based on the premise that loneliness, beyond being a subjective individual phenomenon, is the result of complex social factors that must be addressed.
Key Words
Loneliness, structural loneliness, social isolation, intersectionality, feminism.
Referencia Normalizada (cómo citar este artículo)
Fernández-Roses, D., García-Aguña, S. y De Gea, P. la soledad como fenómeno social y estructural: una reflexión crítica desde la interseccionalidad. Trabajo Social Hoy 102 (pág. 7-20). Doi: 10.12960/TSH 2024.0007
Texto del Artículo
Referencias
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Ahmed, S. (2020). Queer Phenomenology: Orientations, Objects, Others. Duke University Press.
— (2020). The Promise of Happiness. Duke University Press.
Albasheer, O., Abdelwahab, S. I., Zaino, M. R., Altraifi, A. A. A., Hakami, N., El-Amin, E. I., Alshehri, M. M., Alghamdi, S. M., Alqahtani, A. S., Alenazi, A. M., Alqahtani, B., Alhowimel, A., Uddin, S., Khalafalla, H. E. E. y Medani, I. E. (2024). «The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Bibliometric Investigation». Scientific reports, 14(1), 12871. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63528-4
Arroyo, M. (2023). «Soledad no deseada y salud: Una aproximación desde el Trabajo Social». Cuadernos de Trabajo Social, 36(1), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.5209/cuts.82228
Barnes, J. A. (1954). «Class and Committees in a Norwegian Island Parish». Human Relations, 7, 39-58.
Barreto, M., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M. T. y Qualter, P. (2021). «Loneliness around the World: Age, Gender, and Cultural Differences in Loneliness». Personality and individual differences, 169, 110066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066
Baumeister, R. F. y Leary, M. R. (2017). «The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation». Interpersonal development, 57-89.
Benito, T., Zaharia, G., Pérez, A. et al. (2024). Unwanted Loneliness in Heart Failure: Risk Factors and Association With Prognosis. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4574185/v1
Bidart, C., Degenne, A. y Grossetti, M. (2020). Living in Networks: The Dynamics of Social Relations (vol. 49). Cambridge University Press.
Bolmsjö, I., Tengland, P. A. y Rämgård, M. (2019). «Existential Loneliness: An Attempt at an Analysis of the Concept and the Phenomenon». Nursing Ethics, 26(5), 1310-1325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017748480
Butler, J. (2004). Undoing Gender. Routledge.
Cacioppo, J. T. y Cacioppo, S. (2014). «Social Relationships and Health: The Toxic Effects of Perceived Social Isolation». Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(2), 58-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12087
Cacioppo, J. T. y Patrick, W. (2008). Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection. WW Norton & Company.
Camargo-Rojas, C. M. y Chavarro-Carvajal, D. A. (2020). «El sentimiento de soledad en personas mayores: Conocimiento y tamización oportuna». Universitas Medica, 61(2). https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed61-2.essm
Christou, A. y Bloor, K. (2021). «The Liminality of Loneliness: Negotiating Feminist Ethics and Intersectional Affectivity». Journal of Cultural Analysis and Social Change, 6(1), 03. https://doi.org/10.20897/jcasc/11120
Collins, P. H. (2022). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge.
Coplan, R. J., Bowker, J. C. y Nelson, L. J. (eds.). (2021). The Handbook of Solitude: Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone. John Wiley & Sons.
Crenshaw, K. (2013). «Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics». En Feminist Legal Theories (pp. 23-51). Routledge.
Deci, E. L. y Ryan, R. M. (2000). «The "what" and" why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior». Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
Donio-Bellegarde, M. y Pinazo-Hernandis, S. (2016). «El apoyo social y la soledad de las mujeres mayores usuarias de teleasistencia». Revista INFAD de Psicología. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 1(2), 179–188. https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2016.n2.v1.551
Fernández-Ballesteros, R., Izal, M., Montorio, I., González, J. L. y Díaz, P. (1992). Evaluación e Intervención Psicológica en la Vejez. Martínez-Roca.
Fundación ONCE y Fundación AXA. (2024a). Barómetro de la soledad no deseada en España 2024. https://www.soledades.es/sites/default/files/contenidos/Informe_Barometro%20soledad-v2.pdf
(2024b). Barómetro de la soledad no deseada en la Comunidad de Madrid 2024. https://www.soledades.es/sites/default/files/contenidos/Barometro%20Soledad%20Comunidad%20Madrid%202024.pdf
Gerard, N. (2024). «To Sit Quietly by Oneself: On Neoliberal Capitalism’s "Unprecedented inner Loneliness"». Journal of Psychosocial Studies, 17(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1332/14786737Y2023D000000009
Gyarmati, G. (1992). «Reflexiones teóricas y metodológicas en torno a la participación». Estudios sociales, 73(3), 9-28.
Haeyen, S. (2018). «Personal Space from an Art Therapy Point of View Unresolved Issues with Autonomy as Central Factor». En Art Therapy and Emotion Regulation Problems. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Halberstam, J. (2011). «The Queer Art of Failure». Multitudes, 82(1), 205-213.
Harvey, D. (2007). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
Hawkley, L. C. y Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). «Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms». Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
Hochschild, A. R. (2012). The Outsourced Self: Intimate Life in Market Times. Metropolitan Books.
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B. y Layton, J. B. (2010). «Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-Analytic Review». PLoS medicine, 7(7), e1000316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
Hooks, B. (2000). Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. Pluto Press.
Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales (2021). Informe 2018. Las personas mayores en España. https://imserso.es/el-imserso/documentacion/estadisticas/informe-2018-personas-mayores-espana
Larson, R. W. (1990). «The Solitary Side of Life: An Examination of the Time People Spend Alone from Childhood to Old Age». Developmental review, 10(2), 155-183.
Levitas, R. (2005). The Inclusive Society: Social Exclusion and New Labor. Macmillan.
Long, C. R. y Averill, J. R. (2003). «Solitude: An Exploration of Benefits of Being Alone». Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 33(1), 21-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00204
Magnet, S., y Orr, C. E. (2022). «Feminist Loneliness Studies: An Introduction». Feminist Theory, 23(1), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/14647001211062734
McNamara, M., Bohle, P. y Quinlan, M. (2011). «Precarious Employment, Working Hours, Work-Life Conflict and Health in Hotel Work». Applied ergonomics, 42(2), 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2010.06.013
Meyer, I. H. (2010). «Identity, Stress, and Resilience in Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals of Color». The counseling psychologist, 38(3), 442-454.
Munitis, A. E., Sancho, N. B. y Gorrotxategi, M. P. (2022). «La soledad más allá de la edad: Un proyecto intergeneracional». International Humanities Review, 13(6), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.4080
Ng, I. K. S. (2024). «The "Loneliness" Epidemic: A New Social Determinant of Health?». Internal medicine journal, 54(3), 365-367. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.16356
Nicholson, N. R. (2012). «A Review of Social Isolation: An Important but underassessed Condition in Older Adults». The journal of primary prevention, 33(2-3), 137-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-012-0271-2
Nilsson, B., Lindström, U. A. y Nåden, D. (2006). «Is Loneliness a Psychological Dysfunction? A Literary Study of the Phenomenon of Loneliness». Scandinavian journal of caring sciences, 20(1), 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2006.00386.x
Observatorio Estatal de la Soledad No Deseada. (s.f.). La soledad no deseada. https://www.soledades.es/la-soledad-no-deseada
Ong, A. D., Uchino, B. N. y Wethington, E. (2016). «Loneliness and Health in Older Adults: A Mini-Review and Synthesis». Gerontology, 62(4), 443-449. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441651
Perlman, D. y Peplau, L. A. (1981). «Toward a Social Psychology of Loneliness». En R. Gilmour, y S. Duck (eds.), Personal Relationships: 3. Relationships in Disorder (pp. 31-56). Academic Press.
Phillipson, C. (2013). Ageing. John Wiley & Sons.
Pourriyahi, H., Yazdanpanah, N., Saghazadeh, A. y Rezaei, N. (2021). «Loneliness: An Immunometabolic Syndrome». International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(22), 12162. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212162
Real Academia Española. (s.f.). «Soledad». En Diccionario de la Lengua Española. https://dle.rae.es/soledad
Robertson, G. (2019). «Understanding the Psychological Drivers of Loneliness: The First Step towards Developing more Effective Psychosocial Interventions». Quality in Ageing and Older Adults, 20(3), 143-154. https://doi.org/10.1108/QAOA-03-2019-0008
Rokach, A. (2000). «Loneliness and the Life Cycle». Psychological Reports, 86(2), 629-642.
Sartre, J. P. (1956). Being and Nothingness. Philosophical Library.
Shiovitz-Ezra, S. (2015). «15. Loneliness in Europe: Do Perceived Neighbourhood Characteristics Matter?». En A. Börsch-Supan, T. Kneip, H. Litwin, M. Myck, y G. Weber (ed.), Ageing in Europe - Supporting Policies for an Inclusive Society (pp. 169-178). De Gruyter.
Silver, H. (1994). «Social Exclusion and Social Solidarity: Three Paradigms». International Labour Review, 133(5-6), 531-578.
Suárez, L. M. (2023). Antropología de la soledad; Teorías y Etnografías Contemporáneas. Tirant lo Blanch.
Tiwari, S. C. (2013). «Loneliness: A disease?». Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(4), 320-322. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.120536
Tubadji, A. (2023). «You"ll Never Walk Alone: Loneliness, Religion, and politico-Economic Transformation». Politics and Policy, 51(4) https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12538
Victor, C. R., Scambler, S. J., Bowling, A. N. y Bond, J. (2005). «The Prevalence of, and Risk Factors for, Loneliness in Later Life: A Survey of Older People in Great Britain». Ageing & Society, 25(6), 357-375.
Vytniorgu, R., Cooper, F., Jones, C. y Barreto, M. (2023). «Loneliness and Belonging in Narrative Environments». Emotion, Space and Society, 46, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2023.100938
Warner, M. (2000). The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life. Harvard University Press.
Weiss, R. (1975). Loneliness: The Experience of Emotional and Social Isolation. MIT Press.
Ypsilanti, A. y Lazuras, L. (2022). «Loneliness is not a Homogeneous Experience: An Empirical Analysis of Adaptive and Maladaptive Forms of Loneliness in the UK». Psychiatry research, 312, 114571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114571
Ågren, A. y Cedersund, E. (2018). «Reducing Loneliness Among Older People - Who is Responsible?». Ageing & Society, 40(3), 584-603. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X18001162
Ahmed, S. (2020). Queer Phenomenology: Orientations, Objects, Others. Duke University Press.
— (2020). The Promise of Happiness. Duke University Press.
Albasheer, O., Abdelwahab, S. I., Zaino, M. R., Altraifi, A. A. A., Hakami, N., El-Amin, E. I., Alshehri, M. M., Alghamdi, S. M., Alqahtani, A. S., Alenazi, A. M., Alqahtani, B., Alhowimel, A., Uddin, S., Khalafalla, H. E. E. y Medani, I. E. (2024). «The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Bibliometric Investigation». Scientific reports, 14(1), 12871. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63528-4
Arroyo, M. (2023). «Soledad no deseada y salud: Una aproximación desde el Trabajo Social». Cuadernos de Trabajo Social, 36(1), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.5209/cuts.82228
Barnes, J. A. (1954). «Class and Committees in a Norwegian Island Parish». Human Relations, 7, 39-58.
Barreto, M., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M. T. y Qualter, P. (2021). «Loneliness around the World: Age, Gender, and Cultural Differences in Loneliness». Personality and individual differences, 169, 110066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066
Baumeister, R. F. y Leary, M. R. (2017). «The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation». Interpersonal development, 57-89.
Benito, T., Zaharia, G., Pérez, A. et al. (2024). Unwanted Loneliness in Heart Failure: Risk Factors and Association With Prognosis. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4574185/v1
Bidart, C., Degenne, A. y Grossetti, M. (2020). Living in Networks: The Dynamics of Social Relations (vol. 49). Cambridge University Press.
Bolmsjö, I., Tengland, P. A. y Rämgård, M. (2019). «Existential Loneliness: An Attempt at an Analysis of the Concept and the Phenomenon». Nursing Ethics, 26(5), 1310-1325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017748480
Butler, J. (2004). Undoing Gender. Routledge.
Cacioppo, J. T. y Cacioppo, S. (2014). «Social Relationships and Health: The Toxic Effects of Perceived Social Isolation». Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(2), 58-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12087
Cacioppo, J. T. y Patrick, W. (2008). Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection. WW Norton & Company.
Camargo-Rojas, C. M. y Chavarro-Carvajal, D. A. (2020). «El sentimiento de soledad en personas mayores: Conocimiento y tamización oportuna». Universitas Medica, 61(2). https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed61-2.essm
Christou, A. y Bloor, K. (2021). «The Liminality of Loneliness: Negotiating Feminist Ethics and Intersectional Affectivity». Journal of Cultural Analysis and Social Change, 6(1), 03. https://doi.org/10.20897/jcasc/11120
Collins, P. H. (2022). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge.
Coplan, R. J., Bowker, J. C. y Nelson, L. J. (eds.). (2021). The Handbook of Solitude: Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone. John Wiley & Sons.
Crenshaw, K. (2013). «Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics». En Feminist Legal Theories (pp. 23-51). Routledge.
Deci, E. L. y Ryan, R. M. (2000). «The "what" and" why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior». Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
Donio-Bellegarde, M. y Pinazo-Hernandis, S. (2016). «El apoyo social y la soledad de las mujeres mayores usuarias de teleasistencia». Revista INFAD de Psicología. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 1(2), 179–188. https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2016.n2.v1.551
Fernández-Ballesteros, R., Izal, M., Montorio, I., González, J. L. y Díaz, P. (1992). Evaluación e Intervención Psicológica en la Vejez. Martínez-Roca.
Fundación ONCE y Fundación AXA. (2024a). Barómetro de la soledad no deseada en España 2024. https://www.soledades.es/sites/default/files/contenidos/Informe_Barometro%20soledad-v2.pdf
(2024b). Barómetro de la soledad no deseada en la Comunidad de Madrid 2024. https://www.soledades.es/sites/default/files/contenidos/Barometro%20Soledad%20Comunidad%20Madrid%202024.pdf
Gerard, N. (2024). «To Sit Quietly by Oneself: On Neoliberal Capitalism’s "Unprecedented inner Loneliness"». Journal of Psychosocial Studies, 17(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1332/14786737Y2023D000000009
Gyarmati, G. (1992). «Reflexiones teóricas y metodológicas en torno a la participación». Estudios sociales, 73(3), 9-28.
Haeyen, S. (2018). «Personal Space from an Art Therapy Point of View Unresolved Issues with Autonomy as Central Factor». En Art Therapy and Emotion Regulation Problems. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Halberstam, J. (2011). «The Queer Art of Failure». Multitudes, 82(1), 205-213.
Harvey, D. (2007). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
Hawkley, L. C. y Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). «Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms». Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
Hochschild, A. R. (2012). The Outsourced Self: Intimate Life in Market Times. Metropolitan Books.
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B. y Layton, J. B. (2010). «Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-Analytic Review». PLoS medicine, 7(7), e1000316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
Hooks, B. (2000). Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. Pluto Press.
Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales (2021). Informe 2018. Las personas mayores en España. https://imserso.es/el-imserso/documentacion/estadisticas/informe-2018-personas-mayores-espana
Larson, R. W. (1990). «The Solitary Side of Life: An Examination of the Time People Spend Alone from Childhood to Old Age». Developmental review, 10(2), 155-183.
Levitas, R. (2005). The Inclusive Society: Social Exclusion and New Labor. Macmillan.
Long, C. R. y Averill, J. R. (2003). «Solitude: An Exploration of Benefits of Being Alone». Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 33(1), 21-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00204
Magnet, S., y Orr, C. E. (2022). «Feminist Loneliness Studies: An Introduction». Feminist Theory, 23(1), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/14647001211062734
McNamara, M., Bohle, P. y Quinlan, M. (2011). «Precarious Employment, Working Hours, Work-Life Conflict and Health in Hotel Work». Applied ergonomics, 42(2), 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2010.06.013
Meyer, I. H. (2010). «Identity, Stress, and Resilience in Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals of Color». The counseling psychologist, 38(3), 442-454.
Munitis, A. E., Sancho, N. B. y Gorrotxategi, M. P. (2022). «La soledad más allá de la edad: Un proyecto intergeneracional». International Humanities Review, 13(6), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.4080
Ng, I. K. S. (2024). «The "Loneliness" Epidemic: A New Social Determinant of Health?». Internal medicine journal, 54(3), 365-367. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.16356
Nicholson, N. R. (2012). «A Review of Social Isolation: An Important but underassessed Condition in Older Adults». The journal of primary prevention, 33(2-3), 137-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-012-0271-2
Nilsson, B., Lindström, U. A. y Nåden, D. (2006). «Is Loneliness a Psychological Dysfunction? A Literary Study of the Phenomenon of Loneliness». Scandinavian journal of caring sciences, 20(1), 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2006.00386.x
Observatorio Estatal de la Soledad No Deseada. (s.f.). La soledad no deseada. https://www.soledades.es/la-soledad-no-deseada
Ong, A. D., Uchino, B. N. y Wethington, E. (2016). «Loneliness and Health in Older Adults: A Mini-Review and Synthesis». Gerontology, 62(4), 443-449. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441651
Perlman, D. y Peplau, L. A. (1981). «Toward a Social Psychology of Loneliness». En R. Gilmour, y S. Duck (eds.), Personal Relationships: 3. Relationships in Disorder (pp. 31-56). Academic Press.
Phillipson, C. (2013). Ageing. John Wiley & Sons.
Pourriyahi, H., Yazdanpanah, N., Saghazadeh, A. y Rezaei, N. (2021). «Loneliness: An Immunometabolic Syndrome». International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(22), 12162. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212162
Real Academia Española. (s.f.). «Soledad». En Diccionario de la Lengua Española. https://dle.rae.es/soledad
Robertson, G. (2019). «Understanding the Psychological Drivers of Loneliness: The First Step towards Developing more Effective Psychosocial Interventions». Quality in Ageing and Older Adults, 20(3), 143-154. https://doi.org/10.1108/QAOA-03-2019-0008
Rokach, A. (2000). «Loneliness and the Life Cycle». Psychological Reports, 86(2), 629-642.
Sartre, J. P. (1956). Being and Nothingness. Philosophical Library.
Shiovitz-Ezra, S. (2015). «15. Loneliness in Europe: Do Perceived Neighbourhood Characteristics Matter?». En A. Börsch-Supan, T. Kneip, H. Litwin, M. Myck, y G. Weber (ed.), Ageing in Europe - Supporting Policies for an Inclusive Society (pp. 169-178). De Gruyter.
Silver, H. (1994). «Social Exclusion and Social Solidarity: Three Paradigms». International Labour Review, 133(5-6), 531-578.
Suárez, L. M. (2023). Antropología de la soledad; Teorías y Etnografías Contemporáneas. Tirant lo Blanch.
Tiwari, S. C. (2013). «Loneliness: A disease?». Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(4), 320-322. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.120536
Tubadji, A. (2023). «You"ll Never Walk Alone: Loneliness, Religion, and politico-Economic Transformation». Politics and Policy, 51(4) https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12538
Victor, C. R., Scambler, S. J., Bowling, A. N. y Bond, J. (2005). «The Prevalence of, and Risk Factors for, Loneliness in Later Life: A Survey of Older People in Great Britain». Ageing & Society, 25(6), 357-375.
Vytniorgu, R., Cooper, F., Jones, C. y Barreto, M. (2023). «Loneliness and Belonging in Narrative Environments». Emotion, Space and Society, 46, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2023.100938
Warner, M. (2000). The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life. Harvard University Press.
Weiss, R. (1975). Loneliness: The Experience of Emotional and Social Isolation. MIT Press.
Ypsilanti, A. y Lazuras, L. (2022). «Loneliness is not a Homogeneous Experience: An Empirical Analysis of Adaptive and Maladaptive Forms of Loneliness in the UK». Psychiatry research, 312, 114571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114571
