Violencia de pareja, apoyo social y conflicto en mujeres mexicanas
[Intimate partner violence, social support and conflict in Mexican women]
Autoría: Rodríguez Hernández,Rogelio(1);Ortiz Aguilar,Leticia(1)
Datos profesionales del autor/a: (1)Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez
Correspondencia: Rogelio Rodríguez Hernández. Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez. Profesor del Programa de Trabajo Social de la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez. Avda. Universidad y Av. Heroico Colegio Militar S/N Zona Chamizal, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Código Postal 32300. Email. rogelio.rodriguez@uacj.mx.
Recibido: 30/6/2017
Revisado: 8/11/2017
Aceptado: 11/12/2017
Publicado: 31/1/2018
Resumen
La persistencia de la violencia de pareja en México y Latinoamérica y la consecuente necesidad de intervenciones que prevengan y atiendan el problema obligan a seguir indagando sobre los factores capaces de prevenir la violencia. En el presente artículo se desarrolla un estudio que buscó conocer el impacto del apoyo social y los aspectos negativos de las relaciones sociales informales en la frecuencia de violencia de pareja experimentada por usuarias (n=264) de varios centros de apoyo a la comunidad ubicados en Ciudad Juárez, México. Se encontró que la mayoría de las participantes habían vivido agresiones durante el último año, principalmente violencia emocional. En cuanto al apoyo social, los datos indicaron que su percepción y el número de personas que otorgan ayuda a las participantes se relacionaron con una disminución de la frecuencia de varias manifestaciones de la violencia de pareja. Dicho apoyo social fue principalmente el proveniente de la familia. Asimismo, se encontró que el nivel de desacuerdos y críticas de la red social tuvo relación con la frecuencia de agresiones recibidas por las participantes. El impacto de esta variable en la violencia fue mayor que el que tuvieron las expresiones del apoyo social evaluadas. Los resultados se discuten en virtud de sus implicaciones para la comprensión e intervención de la violencia de pareja en el contexto mexicano y latinoamericano.
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Palabras Clave
Violencia de pareja, Apoyo social, Redes sociales, Conflicto, Mujeres mexicanas.
Abstract
The persistence of intimate partner violence in Mexico and Latin America and the resulting need for interventions to prevent and address the problem make it necessary to continue researching the factors capable of preventing violence. This article discusses a study intended to better understand the impact of social support and the negative aspects of informal social relations on the frequency of intimate partner violence experienced by a group of female users (n=264) linked to several different support centres located in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. It was found that most of the participants had experienced aggressions in the last year, mainly emotional violence. As regards social support, the data indicated that the participants" perception of it and the number of persons offering help to the participants is related to a reduction in the frequency of several manifestations of intimate partner violence. This social support was primarily that which came from the family. The data also indicated that the level of disagreements and criticisms present in the participant"s social network was related to the frequency of aggressions received. The impact of this variable on the violence was greater than that of the expressions of social support evaluated. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the comprehension of and appropriate intervention in intimate partner violence in the Mexican and Latin American context.
Key Words
Intimate partner violence, Social support, Social networks, Conflict, Mexican women.
Referencia Normalizada (cómo citar este artículo)
Rodríguez-Fernández, R., y Ortiz-Aguilar, L. (2018). Violencia de pareja, apoyo social y conflicto en mujeres mexicanas. Trabajo Social Hoy, 83, 7-26. doi: 10.12960/TSH.2018.0001
Texto del Artículo
Referencias
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Barrera, M. Jr. (1986). Distinctions Between Social Support Concepts, Measures, and Models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14(4); 413-445. doi: 10.1007/BF00922627.
Bassuk, E., Dawson, R., y Huntington, N. (2006). Intimate partner violence in extremely poor women: Longitudinal patterns and risk markers. Journal of Family Violence, 21(6), 387-399. doi:10.1007/s10896-006-9035-1.
Beeble, M. L., Bybee, D., Sullivan, C. M., y Adams, A. E. (2009). Main, mediating, and moderating effects of social support on the well-being of survivors of intimate partner violence across 2 years. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(4), 718-729. doi: 10.1037/a0016140.
Bybee, D., y Sullivan, C. (2005). Predicting re-victimization of battered women 3 years after exiting a shelter program. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36(1 / 2), 85-96. doi:10.1007/s10464-005-6234-5.
Clark, C. J., Silverman, J. G., Shahrouri, M., Everson-Rose, S., y Groce, N. (2009). The role of the extended family in women’s risk of intimate partner violence in Jordan. Social Science & Medicine, 70(1), 144–151. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.024.
Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59(8), 676–684. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676.
Coker, Ann L., Smith, P. H., Thompson, M. P., McKeown, R. E., Bethea, L., y Davis, K. E. (2002). Social support protects against the negative effects of partner violence on mental health. Journal Of Women´s Health & Gender-Based Medicine, 11(5), 465-476. doi: 10.1089/15246090260137644.
Coker, A. L., Watkins, K. W., Smith, P. H., y Brandt, H. M. (2003). Social support reduces the impact of partner violence on health: application of structural equation models. Preventive Medicine, 37(3), 259–267. doi: 10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00122-1.
Crane, C. A., Hawes, S. W., y Weinberger, A. H. (2013) Intimate Partner Violence Victimization and Cigarette Smoking: A Meta-Analytic Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 14(4), 305-315. doi: 10.1177/1524838013495962.
Dillon, G., Hussain, R., Loxton, D., y Rahman, S. (2013). Mental and Physical Health and Intimate Partner Violence against Women: A Review of the Literature. International Journal of Family Medicine, 2013, 313909. doi:10.1155/2013/313909.
Domínguez, A. del C., Salas, I., Contreras, C., y Procidano, M. E. (2011). Validez concurrente de la versión mexicana de las escalas de Apoyo Social Percibido de la Familia y los Amigos (PSS-Fa y PSS-Fr). Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 43(1), 125-137.
El-Bassel, N., Gilbert, L., Rajah, V., Foleno, A., y Frye, V. (2001). Social support among women in methadone treatment who experience partner violence: Isolation and Male Controlling Behavior . Violence Against Women, 7(3), 246-274. doi: 10.1177/10778010122182433
Escribà-Agüir, V., Ruiz-Pérez, I, Montero-Piñar, M. I., Vives-Cases, C., Plazaola-Castaño, J., y Martín-Baena, D. (2010). Partner violence and psychological well-being: Buffer or indirect effect of social support. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72, 383–389. doi: 0033-3174/10/7204-0383.
Fleet, C.,y Hiebert-Murphy, D. (2013). Social support related to women who have remained with their partners after the physical violence has ceased. Journal of family Violence, 28(3), 219-224. doi:10.1007/s10896-013-9497-x.
Frías, S. M. (2013). Strategies and help-seeking behavior among Mexican women experiencing partner violence. Violence Against Women, 19(1), 23-49. doi: 10.1177/1077801212475334.
Frías, S. M., y Agoff, M. C. (2015). Between support and vulnerability: Examining family support among women victims of intimate partner violence in Mexico. Journal of Family Violence, 30(3), 277-291. doi:10.1007/s10896-015-9677-y.
Goodman, L. A., y Smyth, K. F. (2011). A call for a social network-oriented approach to services for survivors of intimate partner violence. Psychology of Violence, 1(2), 79-92. doi: 10.1037/a0022977.
Guruge, Sepali, Marilyn Ford-Gilboe, Joan Samuels-Dennis, Colleen Varcoe, Piotr Wilk, y Judith Wuest (2012). Rethinking social support and conflict: Lessons from a study of women who have separated from abusive partners. Nursing Research and Practice, 2012(1), 1-10. doi:10.1155/2012/738905.
Hadeed, L. F. y El-Bassel N. (2006). Social support among Afro-Trinidadian women experiencing intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 12(8), 740-760. doi: 10.1177/1077801206291562
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2007). Panorama de violencia contra las mujeres. ENDIREH 2006. Estados Unidos Mexicanos. México, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2013). Panorama de violencia contra las mujeres en México. ENDIREH 2011. México, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía.
Kamimura, A., Parekh, A. y Olson, L. M. (2013). Health indicators, social support, and intimate partner violence among women utilizing services at a community organization. Women Health Issues, 23(3), 179-185. 10.1016/j.whi.2013.02.003.
Katerndahl, D., Burge, S., Ferrer, R., Bechoy, J., y Wood, R. (2013). Differences in social network structure and support among women in violent relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(9), 1948–1964. doi: 10.1177/0886260512469103.
Levendosky, A. A., Bogat, G. A., Theran, S. A., Trotter, J. S., von Eye, A., y Davidson, W. S. (2004). The social networks of women experiencing domestic violence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34(1 / 2), 95-109. doi: 10.1023/B:AJCP.0000040149.58847.10
Matud-Aznar, M. P., Aguilera-Ávila, L., Marrero-Quevedo, R. J., Moraza- Pulla, O., y Carballeira-Abella, M. (2003). El apoyo social en la mujer maltratada por su pareja. Revista Internacional de Psicología Clínica y de la Salud, 3(3), 439-459.
Naved, R. T., Azim S., Bhuiya A., y Persson L. A. (2006). Physical violence by husbands: Magnitude, disclosure and help-seeking behavior of women in Bangladesh. Social Science & Medicine, 62(12), 2917-2929. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.12.001.
Organización Mundial de la Salud (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Italia: Organización Mundial de la Salud.
Overstreet, N. M., y Quinn, D. M. (2013): The Intimate Partner Violence Stigmatization Model and Barriers to Help Seeking. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 109-122. doi: 10.1080/01973533.2012.746599.
Panchanadeswaran, S., El-Bassel, N., Gilbert, L., Wu, E., y Chang, M. (2007). An examination of the perceived social support levels of women in methadone maintenance treatment programs who experience various forms of intimate partner violence. Women’s Health Issues, 18(1), 35-43. doi: 10.1016/j.whi.2007.10.007.
Plazaola-Castaño, J., Ruiz-Pérez, I., Montero-Piñar , M. I.y Grupo de Estudio para la Violencia de Género (2008). Apoyo social como factor protector frente a la violencia contra la mujer en la pareja. Gaceta Sanitaria, 6(6), 527-533.
Ridings, L. E., Beasley, L. O, Bohora, S. B., Daer, J. L., Owora, A., y Silovsky, J. (2016). Longitudinal Investigation of Depression, Intimate Partner Violence, and Supports Among Vulnerable Families. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2016, Marzo 27. doi: 10.1177/0886260516639262.
Rose, L. E., Campbell, J., y Kub, J. (2000). The role of social support and family relationships in women’s responses to battering. Health Care for Women International, 21(1), 27-39. doi: 10.1080/073993300245384.
Sabogal, F. Marín, G., Otero-Sabogal, R., Vanoss, B., Marín, y Perez-Stable, E. J. (1987). Hispanic Familism and Acculturation: What Changes and What Doesn"t? Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9(4), 397 – 412. doi: 10.1177/07399863870094003.
Sylaska, K. M., y Edwards, K. M. (2014). Disclosure of Intimate Partner Violence to Informal Social Support Network Members: A Review of the Literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 15(1), 3-21. doi: 10.1177/1524838013496335.
Trotter, J. L., y Allen, N. E. (2009). The good, the bad, and the ugly: domestic violence survivors’ experiences with their informal social networks. American Journal of Community Psychology, 43(3-4), 221-231. doi:10.1007/s10464-009-9232-1.
Uchino, B N. (2004). Social Support and Physical Health: Understanding the Health Consequences of Relationships. Nueva York: Yale Universiy Press.
Uchino, B. N. (2006). Social support and health: a review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(4), 377-87. doi: 10.1007/s10865-006-9056-5
Valdez-Santiago, R., Híjar-Medina, M. C., Salgado de Snyder, V. N., Rivera-Rivera, L., Avila-Burgos, L. y Rojas, R. (2006). Escala de violencia e índice de severidad: una propuesta metodológica para medir la violencia de pareja en mujeres mexicanas. Salud Pública de México 2006; núm 48, Supl 2, 221-231.
Wethington E., y Kessler, R. C. (1986). Perceived Support, Received Support, and Adjustment to Stressful Life Events. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27(1), 78-89.
Wilcox, P. (2000). "Me mother’s bank and me nanan’s, you know, support!": Women who left domestic violence. Women’s Studies International Forum, 23(1), 35–47. doi: 10.1016/S0277-5395(99)00093-X.
Barrera, M. Jr. (1980). A method for the assessment of social support networks in community survey research. Connections, 3, 8-13.
Barrera, M. Jr. (1986). Distinctions Between Social Support Concepts, Measures, and Models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14(4); 413-445. doi: 10.1007/BF00922627.
Bassuk, E., Dawson, R., y Huntington, N. (2006). Intimate partner violence in extremely poor women: Longitudinal patterns and risk markers. Journal of Family Violence, 21(6), 387-399. doi:10.1007/s10896-006-9035-1.
Beeble, M. L., Bybee, D., Sullivan, C. M., y Adams, A. E. (2009). Main, mediating, and moderating effects of social support on the well-being of survivors of intimate partner violence across 2 years. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(4), 718-729. doi: 10.1037/a0016140.
Bybee, D., y Sullivan, C. (2005). Predicting re-victimization of battered women 3 years after exiting a shelter program. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36(1 / 2), 85-96. doi:10.1007/s10464-005-6234-5.
Clark, C. J., Silverman, J. G., Shahrouri, M., Everson-Rose, S., y Groce, N. (2009). The role of the extended family in women’s risk of intimate partner violence in Jordan. Social Science & Medicine, 70(1), 144–151. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.024.
Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59(8), 676–684. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676.
Coker, Ann L., Smith, P. H., Thompson, M. P., McKeown, R. E., Bethea, L., y Davis, K. E. (2002). Social support protects against the negative effects of partner violence on mental health. Journal Of Women´s Health & Gender-Based Medicine, 11(5), 465-476. doi: 10.1089/15246090260137644.
Coker, A. L., Watkins, K. W., Smith, P. H., y Brandt, H. M. (2003). Social support reduces the impact of partner violence on health: application of structural equation models. Preventive Medicine, 37(3), 259–267. doi: 10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00122-1.
Crane, C. A., Hawes, S. W., y Weinberger, A. H. (2013) Intimate Partner Violence Victimization and Cigarette Smoking: A Meta-Analytic Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 14(4), 305-315. doi: 10.1177/1524838013495962.
Dillon, G., Hussain, R., Loxton, D., y Rahman, S. (2013). Mental and Physical Health and Intimate Partner Violence against Women: A Review of the Literature. International Journal of Family Medicine, 2013, 313909. doi:10.1155/2013/313909.
Domínguez, A. del C., Salas, I., Contreras, C., y Procidano, M. E. (2011). Validez concurrente de la versión mexicana de las escalas de Apoyo Social Percibido de la Familia y los Amigos (PSS-Fa y PSS-Fr). Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 43(1), 125-137.
El-Bassel, N., Gilbert, L., Rajah, V., Foleno, A., y Frye, V. (2001). Social support among women in methadone treatment who experience partner violence: Isolation and Male Controlling Behavior . Violence Against Women, 7(3), 246-274. doi: 10.1177/10778010122182433
Escribà-Agüir, V., Ruiz-Pérez, I, Montero-Piñar, M. I., Vives-Cases, C., Plazaola-Castaño, J., y Martín-Baena, D. (2010). Partner violence and psychological well-being: Buffer or indirect effect of social support. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72, 383–389. doi: 0033-3174/10/7204-0383.
Fleet, C.,y Hiebert-Murphy, D. (2013). Social support related to women who have remained with their partners after the physical violence has ceased. Journal of family Violence, 28(3), 219-224. doi:10.1007/s10896-013-9497-x.
Frías, S. M. (2013). Strategies and help-seeking behavior among Mexican women experiencing partner violence. Violence Against Women, 19(1), 23-49. doi: 10.1177/1077801212475334.
Frías, S. M., y Agoff, M. C. (2015). Between support and vulnerability: Examining family support among women victims of intimate partner violence in Mexico. Journal of Family Violence, 30(3), 277-291. doi:10.1007/s10896-015-9677-y.
Goodman, L. A., y Smyth, K. F. (2011). A call for a social network-oriented approach to services for survivors of intimate partner violence. Psychology of Violence, 1(2), 79-92. doi: 10.1037/a0022977.
Guruge, Sepali, Marilyn Ford-Gilboe, Joan Samuels-Dennis, Colleen Varcoe, Piotr Wilk, y Judith Wuest (2012). Rethinking social support and conflict: Lessons from a study of women who have separated from abusive partners. Nursing Research and Practice, 2012(1), 1-10. doi:10.1155/2012/738905.
Hadeed, L. F. y El-Bassel N. (2006). Social support among Afro-Trinidadian women experiencing intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 12(8), 740-760. doi: 10.1177/1077801206291562
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2007). Panorama de violencia contra las mujeres. ENDIREH 2006. Estados Unidos Mexicanos. México, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2013). Panorama de violencia contra las mujeres en México. ENDIREH 2011. México, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía.
Kamimura, A., Parekh, A. y Olson, L. M. (2013). Health indicators, social support, and intimate partner violence among women utilizing services at a community organization. Women Health Issues, 23(3), 179-185. 10.1016/j.whi.2013.02.003.
Katerndahl, D., Burge, S., Ferrer, R., Bechoy, J., y Wood, R. (2013). Differences in social network structure and support among women in violent relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(9), 1948–1964. doi: 10.1177/0886260512469103.
Levendosky, A. A., Bogat, G. A., Theran, S. A., Trotter, J. S., von Eye, A., y Davidson, W. S. (2004). The social networks of women experiencing domestic violence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34(1 / 2), 95-109. doi: 10.1023/B:AJCP.0000040149.58847.10
Matud-Aznar, M. P., Aguilera-Ávila, L., Marrero-Quevedo, R. J., Moraza- Pulla, O., y Carballeira-Abella, M. (2003). El apoyo social en la mujer maltratada por su pareja. Revista Internacional de Psicología Clínica y de la Salud, 3(3), 439-459.
Naved, R. T., Azim S., Bhuiya A., y Persson L. A. (2006). Physical violence by husbands: Magnitude, disclosure and help-seeking behavior of women in Bangladesh. Social Science & Medicine, 62(12), 2917-2929. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.12.001.
Organización Mundial de la Salud (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Italia: Organización Mundial de la Salud.
Overstreet, N. M., y Quinn, D. M. (2013): The Intimate Partner Violence Stigmatization Model and Barriers to Help Seeking. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 109-122. doi: 10.1080/01973533.2012.746599.
Panchanadeswaran, S., El-Bassel, N., Gilbert, L., Wu, E., y Chang, M. (2007). An examination of the perceived social support levels of women in methadone maintenance treatment programs who experience various forms of intimate partner violence. Women’s Health Issues, 18(1), 35-43. doi: 10.1016/j.whi.2007.10.007.
Plazaola-Castaño, J., Ruiz-Pérez, I., Montero-Piñar , M. I.y Grupo de Estudio para la Violencia de Género (2008). Apoyo social como factor protector frente a la violencia contra la mujer en la pareja. Gaceta Sanitaria, 6(6), 527-533.
Ridings, L. E., Beasley, L. O, Bohora, S. B., Daer, J. L., Owora, A., y Silovsky, J. (2016). Longitudinal Investigation of Depression, Intimate Partner Violence, and Supports Among Vulnerable Families. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2016, Marzo 27. doi: 10.1177/0886260516639262.
Rose, L. E., Campbell, J., y Kub, J. (2000). The role of social support and family relationships in women’s responses to battering. Health Care for Women International, 21(1), 27-39. doi: 10.1080/073993300245384.
Sabogal, F. Marín, G., Otero-Sabogal, R., Vanoss, B., Marín, y Perez-Stable, E. J. (1987). Hispanic Familism and Acculturation: What Changes and What Doesn"t? Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9(4), 397 – 412. doi: 10.1177/07399863870094003.
Sylaska, K. M., y Edwards, K. M. (2014). Disclosure of Intimate Partner Violence to Informal Social Support Network Members: A Review of the Literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 15(1), 3-21. doi: 10.1177/1524838013496335.
Trotter, J. L., y Allen, N. E. (2009). The good, the bad, and the ugly: domestic violence survivors’ experiences with their informal social networks. American Journal of Community Psychology, 43(3-4), 221-231. doi:10.1007/s10464-009-9232-1.
Uchino, B N. (2004). Social Support and Physical Health: Understanding the Health Consequences of Relationships. Nueva York: Yale Universiy Press.
Uchino, B. N. (2006). Social support and health: a review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(4), 377-87. doi: 10.1007/s10865-006-9056-5
Valdez-Santiago, R., Híjar-Medina, M. C., Salgado de Snyder, V. N., Rivera-Rivera, L., Avila-Burgos, L. y Rojas, R. (2006). Escala de violencia e índice de severidad: una propuesta metodológica para medir la violencia de pareja en mujeres mexicanas. Salud Pública de México 2006; núm 48, Supl 2, 221-231.
Wethington E., y Kessler, R. C. (1986). Perceived Support, Received Support, and Adjustment to Stressful Life Events. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27(1), 78-89.
Wilcox, P. (2000). "Me mother’s bank and me nanan’s, you know, support!": Women who left domestic violence. Women’s Studies International Forum, 23(1), 35–47. doi: 10.1016/S0277-5395(99)00093-X.
